Reading List

I. General Supreme Court Literature

A. Judicial Philosophies

B. Rules of Access: The best sources for the rules of access are the Constitutional Law texts.

II. Specific Process Literature

A. Court Procedures

1. Case Selection, Case Screening, and Caseload Regulation

2. Judicial Decision-Making

a. Background

b. Attitudes and Values

c. Small Group Processes in Decision-Making

d. Judicial Role

3. Opinion Writing

B. Political Litigation

III. Constitutional and Statutory Doctrine

A. Constitutional Law Texts:

B. Civil Liberties and Civil Rights-General: These books deal with the substance of the Court decisions in the various areas broadly conceived of as civil liberties and civil rights. The typical framework is a discussion of the Court cases that comprise these areas with attempts to synthesize the Court's precedents to determine the nature of policy and principle and how they have evolved.

C. Governmental Powers and Economic Issues: The following books contain general and specific evaluations of the state of the law in the various economic areas or in the areas of governmental relations. This category refers to federalism and disputes involving the powers of the other branches of government.

D. Specific Area Studies: While the books in the preceding section span entire fields of litigation, there are a series of more narrow studies that concentrate on one specific area within the larger fields of civil liberties, civil rights, economic regulation, and governmental powers. There are studies of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, criminal procedure, equal protection for minorities, regulation of business and industry, federalism and the like. Cited below are the best of this literature. The general books in the preceding section and the books in the subsequent section on individual litigants can be used to supplement or substitute for these studies. The best strategy would be to choose from a variety of sources.

1. First Amendment: Freedom of Speech: Freedom of speech actually refers to a whole series of Court cases dealing with freedom of expression, symbolic speech, and an area called "speech plus" that refers to cases involving protest, marches, demonstrations, signs, and the like.

2. First Amendment: Freedom Of Religion: Free Exercise and Establishment: There are two parts to the First Amendment religion protections. One part protects the freedom to worship, the other protects people from having the state impose, establish, or aid one religion at the expense of others. These two clauses are frequently in conflict. There have been so many recent decisions in these areas that the books cited below are somewhat dated, even if they were published only a few years ago. The general books dealing with civil liberties and civil rights cited above and the Constitutional Law texts are probably the best sources for the recent cases.

3. Criminal Procedure: Few areas of Constitutional Law have been as controversial as protecting the rights of the accused. The Warren Court expanded the rights of the accused markedly. This is also the area of the clearest differences between the Warren and Burger Courts. Once again, there are few studies that have been able to keep up with the recent decisions the Court continues to hand down. The general civil liberties books and the Constitutional Law texts contain the most recent decisions.

4. Equal Protection: Rights of Minorities: This is another area that needs updating in light of recent Supreme Court trends. The Constitutional Law texts, particularly Barker and Barker, and the supplements are the best current sources. Much of the available research focuses on school desegregation and the later issues arising from this such as affirmative action.

5. Equal Protection: Gender Discrimination; The Court continues to tinker with this area of the law which means none of the sources will be definitive and changes will continue to unfold. Constitutional Law texts and the general civil rights books are the best sources for the most recent changes in the law.

6. Economic and Business Regulation: The Supreme Court has less involved in these issues in the past few decades, but these areas have enjoyed a recent resurgence. In addition, the cases the Court does accept and decide in the regulatory realm are usually very significant.

7. Governmental Powers and Federalism: The Court is frequently called upon to draw the boundaries between the two branches of government. These are questions the Court would rather not address, but finds itself compelled to answer.

8. Legal Services Commission: This is a residual category to be used for issues affecting what many label the one-shotters, individuals and groups without frequent recourse to the courts.

IV. Specific Role Oriented Readings

A. Individual Justices: Each justice needs to form a biographical sketch. The following articles will provide background analyses, voting patterns, the justice's conception of the judicial role, and a look at the individual's personality. Each of these will be important components that will need to be synthesized in order to present a full look at the justice.

1. General: These studies will place the justices in the context of the Court. The goal is to be able to understand the behavior and decision patterns of the justices. Other studies of the process, Court doctrine, and Constitutional Law decisions can help paint a broader picture of the various justices.

    Henry J. Abraham, Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Clinton, 1999.

    Mark Silverstein, Judicious Choices: The New Politics of Supreme Court Confirmations, 1994.

    Christopher Smith, Critical Judicial Nominations and Political Change: The Impact of Clarence Thomas, 1993.

    Leon Friedman and Fred Israel, ed. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions, 1995.

    2. Biographies: These studies will provide you with the backgrounds of the justices as a means of understanding some of the influences upon their behavior.

    Clare Cushman, ed. The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789-1995, second edition, 1995.

    Congressional Quarterly, Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court, third edition, 1996.

3. Individual Behavior: The following pieces discuss the judicial behavior often in different policy areas of the various justices. These should be used as a guide to the voting behavior and decision patterns of the justices.

    *James Simon, The Center Holds: The Power Struggle Inside the Rehnquist Court, 1995.

    *David Savage, Turning Right: The Making of the Rehnquist Court, 1992. Pay attention to the portrayals of the justices.

    Tinsley Yarsbrough, The Rehnquist Court and the Constitution, 2000.

    Stanley Friedelbaum, The Rehnquist Court in Pursuit of Judicial Conservatism, 1994.

    Richard Pacelle, "The Dynamics and Determinants of Agenda Change in the Rehnquist Court" in Lee Epstein, ed., Contemplating Courts, 1995, chap. 11.

    Nova Law Review, "The Rehnquist Years: A Supreme Court Retrospective" 23 (Spring 1998): 695-761.

    D.F.B. Tucker, The Rehnquist Court and Civil Rights, 1995.

    J. Harvie Wilkinson, "The Rehnquist Court and the Search for Equal Justice" Tulsa Law Journal 34 (Fall 1998): 41-65.

    Marie Garibaldi, "The Rehnquist Court and State Constitutional Law" Tulsa Law Journal 34 (Fall 1998): 67-83.

    Christopher Smith and Thomas Hensley, "Assessing the Conservativism of the Rehnquist Court" Judicature^ (September-October 1993): 83.

    Jeanmarie Grubert, "The Rehnquist Court's Changed Reading of the Equal Protectionn Clause in the Contxt of Voting Rights" Fordham Law Review 65 (March 1997): 1819-1854.

    Christopher Smith and Avis Alexandria Jones, "The Rehnquist Court's Activism and the Risk of Injustice" Connecticut Law Review 26 (Fall 1993): 53-77.

    Michael Comiskey, "The Rehnquist Court and American Values" Judicature 77 (March-April 1994).

    Bob Woodward and Scott Armstrong, The Brethren, 1979. Pay attention to the portrayals of the justices.

a. Chief Justice William Rehnquist

    Peter Irons, Brennan v. Rehnquist: The Battle for the Constitution, 1994.

    Sue Davis, Justice Rehnquist and the Constitution, 1989.

    Donald Boles, Mr. Justice Rehnquist, Judicial Activist: The Early Years, 1987.

    Derek Davis, Original Intent: Chief Justice Rehnquist and the Course of American Church/State Relations, 1991.

    Rutgers Law Journal, "Perspectives on Chief Justice Rehnquist" 25 (Spring 1994): 557-697.

    Sue Davis, "Power on the Court: Chief Justice Rehnquist's Opinion Assignment" Judicature, 74 (August- September 1990): 66-72.

    David Rohde and Harold Spaeth, "Ideology, Strategy, and Supreme Court Decisions: William Rehnquist as Chief Justice" Judicature, 72 (December-January 1988): 247-250.

    Warren Weaver, "The Chief Justice" in 8 Men and a Lady, 1990.

    John Denvir, "Judging Justices: Rehnquist, Brennan, and the Question of Judicial Method" University of Toledo Law Review 22 (Spring 1991): 757-775.

    Stephen Massey, "Justice Rehnquist's Theory of Property" Yale Law Journal 83 (January 1984): 541-560.

    Eric Segall, "The First Amendment in a Justice Rehnquist World" DePaul Law Review 44 (Spring 1995): 825-839.

    John Denvir, "Justice Rehnquist and Constitutional Interpretation" Hastings Law Journal 34 (May 1983): 1011-1053.

    Sue Davis, "Justice Rehnquist's Equal Protection Clause: An Interim Analysis" Nebraska Law Review 63 (Spring 1984): 288-313.

    Robert Riggs and Thomas Proffitt, "The Judicial Philosophy of Justice Rehnquist" Akron Law Review 16 (Spring 1983): 555-604.

    John Riemenschneider, "The Judicial Philosophy of William H. Rehnquist" Mississippi Law Journal 45 (January 1974): 224-245.

    John Gates and Timothy Phelps, "The Myth of Jurisprudence: Interpretative Theory in the Constitutional Opinions of Justices Rehnquist and Brennan" Santa Clara Law Review 31 (Summer 1991): 567-596.

    Frank Guliuzza, "Protecting Judicial Leadership: Did Rehnquist Prefer to Switch Rather than Fight?" Williamette Law Review 29 (Spring 1993): 151-190.

    Thomas Kleven, "The Constitutional Philosophy of Justice William H. Rehnquist" Vermont Law Review 8 (Spring 1983): 1-54.

    Lincoln Caplan, "Rehnquist: New and Improved?" ABA Journal 75 (January 1989): 40.

    Sue Davis, "Justice William Rehnquist" in The Burger Court: Political and Judicial Profiles, 1991, chapter 11.

    Jeff Powell, "The Compleat Jeffersonian: Justice Rehnquist and Federalism" Yale Law Journal 8 (June 1982): 1317-1370.

    Sue Davis, "Justice Rehnquist's Judicial Philosophy: Democracy v. Equality" Polity 17 (Fall 1984): 88-117.

    Lori Wentworth, "Justice Harlan, Justice Rehnquist, and the Values of Federalism" New York Law School Review 36 (Spring-Summer 1991): 255-286.

    Robert C. Lind, Jr., "Justice Rehnquist: First Amendment Speech in the Labor Context" Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 8 (Fall 1980): 93-123.

    Glenn Phelps and Timothy Martinez, "Brennan v. Rehnquist: The Politics of Constitutional Jurisprudence" Gonwga Law Review 22 (1986/87): 307-325.

    Richard Weisberg, "How Judges Speak, Some Lessons on Adjudication in Billy Budd, Sailor with an Application to Justice Rehnquist" New York University Law Review 57 (April 1982): 1-69.

    William Luneburg, "Justice Rehnquist, Statutory Interpretation, the Policies of Clear Statement and Federal Jurisdiction" Indiana University Law Journal 58 (Spring 1982-83): 211-285.

    Bruce Comly French, "The Views of Justice Rehnquist Concerning the Proper Role of the States in National Labor Relations Policy" Tulsa Law Journal 17 (Fall 1981): 76-96.

    Ursala Bentele, "Chief Justice Rehnquist, the Eighth Amendment, and the Role of Precedent" American Criminal Law Review (Fall 1991): 267-321.

    George Wright, "A Contractual Approach to Due Process" Valparaiso Law Review (Spring 1987): 527-561.

    Andrew Jay McClurg, "Logical Fallacies and the Supreme Court: A Critical Examination of Justice Rehnquist's Decisions in Criminal Procedure Cases" University of Colorado Law Review 59 (Fall 1988); 741-844.

    Alan Bigel, "William H. Rehnquist on Capital Punishment" Ohio Northern University Law Review 17 (Fall 1991): 729-769.

    Joe Anderson, "The Sixteenth Chief Justice" Oklahoma City University Law Review 12 (Fall 1987): 733-760.

    John Denvir, "Justice Brennan, Justice Rehnquist and Free Speech" Northwestern Law Review 80 (April 1986): 285-320.

    John Jenkins, "The Partisan: A Talk with Justice Rehnquist" New York Times Magazine (March 3, 1985): 28.

    Alfred Levitt, "Taking a New Direction: the Rehnquist-Scalia Approach to Regulatory Takings" Temple Law Review 66 (Spring 1993): 197-222.

    David Stewart, "Reconsidering Rehnquist" ABA Journal 74 (April 1, 1988): 40-45.

    Nancy Maveety, "The Populist of the Adversary Society: The Jurisprudence of Justice Rehnquist" Journal of Contemporary Law 13 (1987): 221-247.

    Mark Rahdert, "William Rehnquist's Judicial Craft: A Case Study" Temple Law Quarterly (Winter 1987): 841-880.

    David Savage, "Opinions on Rehnquist: Views on the Chief Justice's Impact Are Still Mixed" ABA Journal 82 (October 1996): 82.

    David Stewart, "What's Ahead with Rehnquist and Scalia?" American Bar Association Journal 72 (August 1986): 36.

    David Stewart, "Nino and the Chief" American Bar Association Journal 73 (June 1, 1987): 42.

b. Justice John Paul Stevens

    Robert Sickels, John Paul Stevens and the Constitution: The Search for Balance, 1988. Rutgers Law Journal, "Symposium on Justice John Paul Stevens" 27 (Spring 1996): 521-661.

    Andrea Neal, "Justice John Paul Stevens" in 8 Men and a Lady, 1990.

    Arthur S. Miller, "Stevens: Lawyer's Lawyer Poised for Leadership" National Law Journal 2 (February 18, 1980): 20.

    Richard Carelli, "Supreme Court Retirements, Seniority Place Stevens in Position to Become Power Player" Chicago Daily Law Bulletin 141 (May 26, 1995): 1.

    Bradley C. Canon, "Justice John Paul Stevens: The Lone Ranger in a Black Robe" in The Burger Court: Political and Judicial Profiles, chapter 12.

    Diane Hughes, "Justice Stevens Method of Statutory Interpretation: A Well-Tailored Means for Facilitating Environmental Regulation" Harvard Environmental Law Review 19 (Summer 1995): 493-552.

    Paula Arledge, "Justice Stevens and Freedom of Expression, 1975-1985" Midwest Political Science Association Paper, 1986.

    Stuart Taylor, "The Last Moderate" American Lawyer 12 (June 1990): 48.

    Robert Riggs and L. Cordell McCarrey, "Justice Stevens and the Law of Antitrust" University of Pittsburgh Law Review 43 (Spring 1982): 649-702.

    William Popkin, "A Common Law Lawyer on the Supreme Court: The Opinions of Justice Stevens" Duke Law Journal (November 1989): 1087-1161.

    John P. Wagner, "Justice Stevens and the Emerging Law of Sex Discrimination" Pepperdine Law Review 8 (January 1982): 315-428.

    Paula Arledge, "John Paul Stevens: A Moderate Justice's Approach to Individual Rights" Whittier Law Review 10 (1989): 563-588. Chicago-Kent Law Review, "A Tribute to Justice John Paul Stevens" 56 (Winter 1980); 1-12.

    Yale Law Journal, "Death and Rational Justice: A Conversation on the Capital Jurisprudence of Justice John Paul Stevens" 96 (January 1987): 521-546.

    Leslie Bender, "The Powell-Stevens Debates on Federalism and Separation of Powers" Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 15 (Summer 1988): 549-588.

    Harvard Law Review, "Justice Stevens' Equal Protection Jurisprudence" 100 (March 1987): 1146-1165.

c. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor

    Nancy Maveety, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor: Strategist on the Supreme Court, 1996.

    Robert Van Sickel, Not a Particularly Different Voice: The Jurisprudence of Sandra Day O'Connor, 1998.

    Elder Witt, A Different Justice, 1986.

    Harold Woods and Geraldine Woods, Equal Justice: A Biography of Sandra Day O'Connor, 1986.

    Jilda Aliotta, "Justice O'Connor and the Equal Protection Clause: A Feminine Voice?" 78 Judicature (1995): 232-235.

    Judith Bentley, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, 1983.

    Mary Fox, ed.. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, 1983. Women's Rights Law Reporter, "The Jurisprudence of Sandra Day O'Connor (Summer-Fall 1991), pp. 53-170.

    Aric Press, "A Woman for the Court" in Peter Woll, American Government, eighth edition, 1987, pp. 539-545.

    David Savage, "Sandra Day O'Connor" in 8 Men and a Lady, 1990.

    Russell Galloway, "Justice in the Middle: How Sandra Day O'Connor, A Goldwater Republican, Could Stop the High Court's Slide to the Far Right" The Los Angeles Daily Journal 103 (April 2, 1990): 6.

    Robyn Goodman, "Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day 0'Connor's First Amendment Approach to Free Expression: A Decade in Review" Communications and the Law 15 (December 1993): 3-35.

    Sue Davis, "The Voice of Sandra Day O'Connor" Judicature 77 (November-December 1993): 134.

    David Stewart, "Holding the Center: Sandra O'Connor Evolves into Major Force on the Supreme Court" ABA Journal 79 (March 1993): 48.

    James Rubin, "Justice O'Connor's Vote Often Decisive" Chicago Daily Law Bulletin 136 (March 26, 1990): 1.

    Mary Chen, "Sandra O'Connor and the Swing Vote Myth" New Jersey Law Journal 124 (August 10, 1988).

    Stuart Taylor, "Swing Vote on the Constitution" American Lawyer 11 (June 1989): 66.

    Marcia Coyle, "O'Connor Still May Hold the Key: Eyes Are on Her 'Cautious Conservativism'" The National Law Journal 11 (July 17, 1989): 1.

    David Anders, "Justices Harlan and Black Revisited: The Emerging Dispute Between Justice O'Connor and Justice Scalia over Unenumerated Fundamental Rights" Fordham Law Review 61 (March 1993): 885- 993.

    Jennifer Spreng, "Failing Honorably: Balancing Tests Justice O'Connor and Free Exercise of Religion" Saint Louis Law Journal, 38 (Spring 1994): 837-879.

    Beverly Cook, "Justice Sandra Day O'Connor: Transition to a Republican Agenda and Values" in The Burger Court: Political and Judicial Profiles, chapter 9.

    Linda Greenhouse, "Justice Sandra Day O'Connor on the Supreme Court" in Peter Woll, American Government, eighth edition, 1984, pp. 547-550.

    Richard Cordray and James Vrodelis, "The Emerging Jurisprudence of Justice O'Connor" University of Chicago Law Review 52 (Spring 1985): 389-459.

    Judith Olaus Brown, Wendy Parmet, and Mary O'Connell, "The Rugged Feminism of Sandra Day O'Connor" Indiana Law Review 32 (Fall 1999): 1219-1246.

    Jennifer Byme, "Toward a Colorblind Constitution: Justice O'Connor's Narrowing of Affirmative Action" St. Louis Law Journal 42 (Spring 1998): 619-675.

    Justin Schwartz, "A Not Quite Color-Blind Constitution: Racial Discrimination and Racial Preference in Justice O'Connor's 'Newest' Equal Protection Jurisprudence" Ohio State Law Journal 58 (June 1997): 1055-1101.

    John Scheb and Lee Alshie, "Justice O'Connor and the 'Freshman Effect,'" Judicature 69 (June-July 1985): 8-12.

    Margaret Miller, "Justice Sandra Day O'Connor: Token or Triumph from a Feminist Perspective" Golden Gate University Law Review 15 (Fall 1985): 483-525.

    Robert Riggs, "Justice O'Connor: A First Term Appraisal" Brigham Young University Law Review (Winter 1983): 1-46.

    Stephen Gottlieb, "Three Justices in Search of a Character: The Moral Agendas of Justices O'Connor, Scalia, and Kennedy" Rutgers Law Review 49 (Fall 1996): 219-283.

    David Gelfand and Keith Werhan, "Federalism and Separation of Powers on a 'Conservative' Court: Current and Cross-currents from Justices O'Connor and Scalia" Tulane Law Review 64 (June 1990): 1443-1476.

    Alexander Wohl, "Justice O'Connor Concurring" ABA Journal 75 (December 1989): 42.

    Carl Schenker, "'Reading' Justice Sandra Day O'Connor" Catholic University Law Review (Spring 1983): 487-503.

    Edward Heck and Paula Arledge, "Justice O'Connor and the First Amendment, 1981-1984" Pepperdine Law Review, 13 (May, 1986): 993-1019.

    Joel Jacobs, Endorsement as 'Adoptive Action': A Suggested Definition of and an Argument for Justice O'Connor's Establishment Clause" Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 22 (Fall 1994): 29-79.

    Barbara Olson Bruckman, "Justice Sandra Day O'Connor: Trends Toward Judicial Restraint" Washington and Lee Law Review 42 (Fall 1985): 1185-1231.

    Suzanna Sherry, "Civic Virtue and the Feminine Voice in Constitutional Adjudication" Virginia Law Review 72 (April 1986): 543-616.

    Barbara Shea, "Sandra Day 0'Connor-Woman, Lawyer, Justice: Her First Four Terms on the Supreme Court" UMKCLaw Review 55 (Fall 1986): 1-32.

    Arnold Lowey, "Rethinking Government Neutrality Toward Religion Under the Establishment Clause: The Untapped Potential of Justice O'Connor's Insight" North Carolina Law Review 64 (June 1986): 1049-1098.

    Donald Beschle, "The Conservative as Liberal: The Religion Clauses, Liberal Neutrality, and the Approach of Justice O'Connor" Notre Dame Law Review 62 (Spring 1987): 151-191.

    Benjamin Feder, "And a Child Shall Lead Them: Justice O'Connor, the Principle of Religious Liberty and Its Practical Application" Pace Law Review 8 (Spring 1988): 249-302.

    Elder Witt, "After Five Years, Sandra Day O'Connor is Shifting to a More Centrist Court Role" Congressional Quarterly Weekly Reports 44 (July 12, 1986): 1578-1579.

    Susan Halatyn, "Sandra Day O'Connor, Abortion, and Compromise for the Court" Toumo Law Review 5 (Spring 1989): 327-349.

    Thomas Haggard, "Mugwump, Mediator, Machiavellian, or Majority? The Role of Justice O'Connor in the Affirmative Action Cases" Akron Law Review 24 (Summer 1990): 47-87.

    Marcia Coyle, "Whose Court is it Anyway? O'Connor and Kennedy are Swing Votes; Is That Enough?" National Law Journal 21 (June 21, 1999): p. Al.

d. Justice Antonin Scalia

    Richard Brisbin, Justice Antonin Scalia and the Conservative Revival, 1997.

    David Schultz and Christopher Smith, The Jurisprudential Vision of Justice Antonin Scalia, 1996.

    Christopher Smith, Justice Antonin Scalia and the Supreme Court's Conservative Moment, 1993.

    Richard Brisbin, "The Conservatism of Antonin Scalia" Political Science Quarterly, 105 (March 1990): 1-29

    Cardow Law Review, "The Jurisprudence of Justice Antonin Scalia" 12 (June 1991): 1593-1893.

    Nancy McCahan, "Justice Scalia's Constitutional Trinity: Originalism, traditionalism, and the Rule of Law as Reflected in His Dissent in O'Hare and Umbehr" St. Louis University Law Journal 41 (January 1997): 1435-1476.

    David Gelfand and Keith Werhan, "Federalism and Separation of Powers on a v Conservative' Court: Current and Cross-currents from Justices 0'Connor and Scalia" Tulane Law Review 64 (June 1990): 1443-1476.

    Jean Morgan Meaux, "Justice Scalia and Judicial Restraint: A Conservative Resolution of Conflict Between Individual and State" Tulane Law Review 62 (November 1987); 225-260.

    Beau James Brock, "Mr. Justice Antonin Scalia: A Renaissance of Positivism and Predictability in Constitutional Ad]Vidication" Louisiana Law Review 51 (January 1991): 623-650.

    David Anders, "Justices Harlan and Black Revisited: The Emerging Dispute Between Justice O'Connor and Justice Scalia over Unenumerated Fundamental Rights" Fordham Law Review 61 (March 1993): 885- 993.

    Gary Spitko, "A Critique of Justice Antonin Scalia's Approach to Fundamental Rights Adjudication" Duke Law Journal (December 1990): 1337-1360.

    Timothy Raschke Shattuck, "Justice Scalia's Due Process Methodology: Examining Specific Traditions" Southern California Law Review 33 (September 1992): 2743-2791.

    Elizabeth Leiss, "Censoring Legislative History: Justice Scalia on the use of Legislative History in Statutory Interpretation" Nebraska Law Review 72 (Spring 1993): 568-585.

    James McAlister, "A Pigment of the Imagination: Looking at Affirmative Action Through Justice Scalia's Color-Blind Rule" Marquette Law Review (Winter 1994): 327-359.

    James Wyszynski, "In Praise of Judicial Restraint: The Jurisprudence of Justice Antonin Scalia" Detroit College of Law Review, (Spring 1989): 117-162.

    Bruce Fein, "Scalia's Way" ABA Journal 76 (February 1990): 38.

    George Kannar, "The Constitutional Catechism of Antonin Scalia" Yale Law Journal 99 (April 1990): 1297-1357.

    Michael King, "Justice Antonin Scalia: The First Term on the Supreme Court, 1986-1987" Rutgers Law Journal 20 (Fall 1988): 1-77.

    Dwight Greene, "Justice Scalia and Tonto, Judicial Pluralistic Ignorance, and the Myth of Colorless Individualism in Bostick v. Florida" Tulane Law Review 67 (June 1993): 1979-2062.

    Richard Collins, "Justice Scalia and the Elusive Idea of Discrimination Against Interstate Commerce" New Mexico Law Review 20 (Summer 1990): 555-583.

    Alfred Levitt, "Taking a New Direction: the Rehnquist-Scalia Approach to Regulatory Takings" Temple Law Review 66 (Spring 1993): 197-222.

    Gene Nichol, "Justice Scalia, Standing, and Public Law Litigation" Duke Law Journal 42 (April 1993): 1141-1169.

    Stephen Gey, "Justice Scalia's Death Penalty" Florida State Law Review 20 (Summer 1992): 67-132.

    Michael Perino, "Justice Scalia: Standing, Environmental Law, and the Supreme Court" Boston Affairs Law Review 15 (Fall 1987): 135-179.

    Allen Kamp, "The Counter-Revolutionary Nature of Justice Scalia's 'Traditionalism'" Pacific Law Journal 27 (Fall 1995): 99-120.

    Michael Stokes Paulsen and Steffen Johnson, "Scalia's Sermonette" Notre Dame Law Review 72 (April 1992): 863-882.

    M. David Gelfand, "Justice Antonin Scalia" in 8 Men and a Lady, 1990.

    Autumn Fox and Stephen McAllister, "An Eagle Soaring: The Jurisprudence of Justice Antonin Scalia" Campbell Law Review 19 (Spring 1997): 223-309.

    Thea Rubin and Albert Melone, "Justice Antonin Scalia: A First Year Freshman Effect?" Judicature 72 (August/September 1988): 98-102.

    David Schultz, "Scalia, Property, and Dolan v. Tigard: The Emergence of a Post-Carolene Products Jurisprudence" Akron Law Review (Summer 1995): 1-34.

    James McAlister, "A Pigment of the Imagination: Looking at Affirmative Action Through Justice Scalia's Color-Blind Rule" Marquette Law Review 77 (Winter 1977): 327-359.

    Jay Schlosser, "The Establishment Clause and Justcie Scalia: What the Future Holds for Church and State" Notre Dame Law Review 63 (Summer 1988): 380-392.

    Bradley Karkkainen, '"Plain Meaning': Justice Scalia's Jurisprudence of Strict Statutory Construction" Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 17 (Spring 1994): 401-477.

    David Schultz, "Legislative Process and Intent in Justice Scalia's Interpretive Method" Akron Law Review 25 (Winter-Spring 1992): 555-610.

    Cornelius Murphy, "Justice Scalia and the Confrontation Clause: A Case Study in Originalist Adjudicationn of Individual Rights" American Criminal Law Review 34 (Spring 1997): 1243-1266.

    Bryan Wildenthal, "The Right of Confrontation, Justice Scalia, and the Power and Limits of Textualism" Washington and Lee Law Review 48 (Fall 1991): 1323-1392.

    Bernard Schwartz, "'Shooting the Piano Player'? Justice Scalia and Administrative Law" Administrative Law Review 47 (Winter 1995): 1-57.

    Michael Gerhardt, "A Tale of Two Textualists: A Critical Comparison of Justices Black and Harlan" Bostin University Law Review 74 (January 1994): 25-66.

    William Eskridge, "The New Textualism" UCLA Law Review 37 (April 1990): 621-691.

    S.I. Strong, "Justice Scalia as a Modem Lord Devlin: Animus and Civil Burdens in Romer v. Evans" Southern California Law Review 71 (November 1997): 1-46.

    David Ziotnick, Justice Scalia and His Critics: An Exploration of Scalia's Fidelity to His Constitutional Methodology" Emory Law Journal 48 (Fall 1998): 1377-1429

    Sara Sachse, "United We Stand-But For How Long? Justice Scalia and New Developments of the Dormant Commerce Clause" Saint Louis University Law Journal 43 (Spring 1999): 695-722.

    David Schultz, "Judicial Review and Legislative Deference: The Political Process of Antonin Scalia" Nova Law Review 17 (Spring 1992): 1249-1283.

    Daniel Reisman, "Deconstructing Justice Scalia's Separation of Powers Jurisprudence: The Preeminent Executive" Albany Law Review 53 (Fall 1988): 49-94.

    David Boling, "The Jurisprudence of Justice Antonin Scalia: Methodology over Result?" Arkansas Law Review 44 (Fall 1991): 1143-1205.

    Christopher Smith, "Justice Antonin Scalia and the Institutions of American Government" Wake Forest Law Review 25 (Winter 1990): 783-809.

    Steven Greenberger, "Justice Scalia's Due Process Traditionalism Applied to Territorial Jurisdiction: The Illusion of Adjudication Without Judgment" Boston College Law Review 33 (September 1992): 981-1036.

    David Schultz, "Justice Antonin Scalia's First Amendment Jurisprudence: Free Speech, Press, and Association Decisions" Journal of Law and Politics 9 (Spring 1993): 515-560.

    William Popkin, "An Internal Critique of Justice Scalia's Theory of Statutory Interpretation" Minnesota Law Review'19, (May 1992): 1133-1187.

    Christopher Smith, "Justice Antonin Scalia and Criminal Justice Cases" Kentucky Law Journal 81 (Fall 1992): 187-212.

    Stephen Gottlieb, "Three Justices in Search of a Character: The Moral Agendas of Justices O'Connor, Scalia, and Kennedy" Rutgers Law Review 49 (Fall 1996): 219-283.

    Bethany Cook and Lisa Kahn, "Justice Scalia's Due Process Model: A History Lesson in Constitutional Interpretation" St. John's Journal of Legal Commentary 6 (Spring 1991): 263-285.

    Stewart Baker and Katherine Wheatley, "Justice Scalia and Federalism: A Sketch" Urban Lawyer 2 (Spring 1988): 353-366

    Christopher Smith, "The Constitution and Criminal Punishment: The Emerging Visions of Justices Scalia and Thomas" Drake Law Review 43 (March 1995): 593-613.

    Note, "Justice Scalia's Use of Sources in Statutory and Constitutional Interpretation: How Congress Always Loses" Duke Law Journal (June 1990): 160-192.

    Stephen Adier, "Scalia's Court: How the Newest Justice has Effected a Quiet Revolution in the Rehnquist Court" American Lawyer 9 (March 1987): 1.

    Patrice Scatena, "Deference to Discretion: Scalia's Impact on Judicial Review of Agency Action in an Era of Deregulation" Hastings Law Journal 38 (August 1987); 1223-1260.

    Richard Nagareda, "The Appellate Jurisprudence of Antonin Scalia" University of Chicago Law Review 54 (Spring 1987): 705-739.

    James G. Wilson, "Constraints of Power: The Constitutional Opinions of Judges Scalia, Bork, Posner, Easterbrook, and Winter" University of Miami Law Review 40 (September 1986): 1171-1266.

    Stephen Chappie and Donna Kraus, "Rehnquist-Scalia Combined Effect May Far Exceed Current Predictions" National Law Journal 9 (September 15, 1986): 24.

    Kenneth Jost, "Scalia: A Charming Hard-Liner" Los Angeles Daily Journal 99 (August 11, 1986): 2.

    Gerhard Casper, "Antonin Scalia: Shades of Things to Come" The Law School Record 32 (Fall 1986): 20.

    Lyie Denniston, "Scalia Active as 'Rehnquist Era' Begins" American Lawyer 98 (December 1986): 98.

e. Justice Anthony Kennedy

    Christopher Smith, "Supreme Court Surprise: Justice Anthony Kennedy's Move Toward Moderation" Oklahoma Law Review 45 (Fall 1992): 459-478.

    Akhil Reed Amar, "Justice Kennedy and the Idea of Equality" Pacific Law Journal 28 (Spring 1997): 515- 532.

    Albert Melone, "Revisiting the Frehsman Effect Hypothesis: The First Two Terms of Justice Anthony Kennedy" Judicature 74 (June-July 1990): 6-14.

    Lawrence Friedman, "The Limitations of Labeling: Justice Anthony Kennedy and the First Amendment" Ohio Northern University Law Review (Spring 1993): 225-262.

    Joel Joseph, "Justice Kennedy: The Rookie" in 8 Men and a Lady, 1990.

    Paul Earl Pongrace, "Justice Kennedy and the Establishment Clause; the Supreme Court Tries the Coercion Test" University of Florida Journal of Law and Public Policy 6 (Spring 1994): 217-230.

    Stephen Gottlieb, "Three Justices in Search of a Character: The Moral Agendas of Justices O'Connor, Scalia, and Kennedy" Rutgers Law Review 49 (Fall 1996): 219-283.

    Note, "A Survey of Justice Anthony Kennedy's International Law Opinions from the Ninth Circuit" Connecticut Journal of International Law 3 (Spring 1988): 501-512.

    Tony Mauro, "Another Solution to the Kennedy Riddle" Legal Times 15 (September 15, 1992): 6.

    Terrence Moran, "Kennedy's Constitutional Journey" Legal Times 15 (July 6, 1992): 1

    Sue Golden, "Justice Anthony Kennedy: A Trojan Horse Conservative" Maryland Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues 1 (Fall 1990): 229-246.

    Richard Reuben, "Man in the Middle" California Lawyer 12 (October 1992): 34.

    Terry Carter, "Crossing the Rubicon" California Lawyer 12 (October 1992): 39.

    Bruce Green, "Judge Kennedy Might Not Meet Expectations of Administration" National Law Journal 10 (December 21, 1987): 20.

    Henry Reske, "Judge Kennedy: A Powell Clone?" Pennsylvania Law Journal Reporter 10 (November 16, 1987): 2.

    Richard Carelli. "Opinions Portray Kennedy as Pragmatic Conservative" Chicago Daily Law Bulletin 133 (November 11, 1987): 3.

    Note, "Gipper's Choice Appears Sensitive to Media's First Amendment Concerns" News Media & the Law 12 (Winter 1988): 26.

    Richard Reuben, "After One Year on Court, Justice Kennedy Still a Mystery Man" Chicago Daily Law Bulletin 135 (April 21, 1989): 1.

    Joan Biskupic, "Justice Kennedy: The Fifth Vote" Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 47 (February 6, 1989): 1695.

    Charles Williams, "The Opinion of Anthony Kennedy: No Time for Ideology" American Bar Association Journal 74 (March 1988): 56-61.

    Keith McArtor, "A Conservative Struggles with Lemon: Justice Anthony M. Kennedy's Dissent in Allegheny" Tulsa Law Journal 26 (Fall 1990): 107-133.

    Vicky Hale, "Abortion Waiting Period Statutes: Hartigan v. Zbaraz and Justice Anthony Kennedy's Impact on Future Decision" Tulsa Law Journal 24 (Winter 1988): 189-213.

    Robin Bell, "Justice Kennedy: Will His Apointment to the United States Supreme Court Have an Impact on Employment Discrimination" University of Cincinnati Law Review 57 (1989): 1037-1071.

    Tony Mauro, "Kennedy Seems Ready as He Enters Second Year" New Jersey Law Journal 123 (March 2, 1988): 14.

    Tony Mauro, "Satisfied Kennedy Watchers Get an Eyeful" New Jersey Law Journal 122 (October 20, 1988): 12.

    Marcia Coyle, "Whose Court is it Anyway? O'Connor and Kennedy are Swing Votes; Is That Enough?" National Law Journal 21 (June 21, 1999): Al.

    Note, "Justice Anthony M. Kennedy: An Unknown Quantity in the Supreme Court? Law Society Journal 27 (February 1989): 60.

f. Justice David Souter

    Scott Johnson and Christopher Smith, "David Souter's First Term on the Supreme Court: The Impact of a New Justice" Judicature 75 (February-March 1992): 238-244.

    William Jordan, "Justice David Souter and Statutory Interpretation" University of Toledo Law Review 23 (Spring 1992): 491-530.

    Christopher Smith and Scott Johnson, "Newcomer on the Court: Justice David Souter and the Supreme Court's 1990 Term" South Dakota Law Review 37 ((Spring 1992): 21-43.

    Liang Kirn, "A Theory of Justice Souter" Emory Law Journal 45 (Fall 1996): 1373-1427.

    John Fliter, "Keeping the Faith: Justice David Souter and First Amemdment Religion Clauses" Journal of Church and State 40 (Spring 1998): 387-409.

    Liza Weiman Hanks, "Justice Souter: Defining "Substantive Neutrality" in an Age of Religious Politics" Stanford Law Review 48 (April 1996): 903-935.

    David Koehler, "Justice Souter's 'Keep-What-You-Want-Throw-Away-The-Rest' Interpretation of Stare Decisis" Buffalo Law Review 42 (Fall 1994): 859-892.

    Robert Smith, "Justice Souter Joins the Rehnquist Court: An Empirical Study of Supreme Court Voting Patterns" University ofKansas Law Review 41 (Fall 1992): 11-95.

    Paul Barrett, "Independent Justice: David Souter Emerges as Reflective Moderate on the Supreme Court" Chicago Daily Law Bulletin 139 (February 2, 1993): 1

    Richard Carelli, "Souter, the Newest Justice, Treads Middle Ground" Chicago Daily Law Bulletin 137 (March 21, 1991): 1.

    Elliot Mincberg, "The Newest Justice: Stealth Unsheathed" Legal Times 14 (July 22, 1991): 21.

    Marcia Coyle and Marianne Lavelle, "Enigmatic Souter Sides with Conservatives" The National Law Journal 13 (April 8, 1991): 5.

    Christopher Smith and S. Thomas Read, "The Performance and Effectiveness of New Appointees to the Rehnquist Court" 20 Ohio Northern Universuty Law Review 20 (Spring 1993): 205-223.

    Bruce Fein, "The Year David Souter Earned His Liberal Laurels" Legal Times 16 (July 5, 1993): 26.

    Richard Reuben, "Souter Begins to Emerge from the Shadows" The Los Angeles Daily Journal 104 (February 26, 1991): 7.

    Laurie Loveland, "First Term Demystifies the Inscrutable Souter" New Jersey Law Journal 127 (January 24,1991): 13.

    Terence Moran, "Thoroughly Unmodem Souter: In His Life and In The Law, Supreme Court Nominee Looks to the Past" Legal Times 13 (July 30, 1990): 1.

    Terry Carter, "Searching for the Real Souter" The Los Angeles Daily Journal 103 (August 6, 1990): 6.

    Charley Roberts, "Portrait of Souter Starts to Emerge; He's Conservative, but Some See a Moderate Streak; An 'Interpretationist'" The Los Angeles Daily Journal 103 (July 25, 1990): 1.

    Terence Moran, "Souter's Legal Faith: Process over Principle: A Purist at Heart" Legal Times 13 (August 27,1990): 1.

    Charles Kelbley, "Jurisprudential Choices for Judge Souter" New York Law Journal 204 (September 13, 1990): 2.

    Stuart Taylor, "Souter on Rights: Congress First" Legal Times 13 (September 24, 1990): 25.

    Jeffery Trout, "Souter's Views: Closed Book, Open Mind" Legal Times 13 (August 20, 1990): 17.

g. Justice Clarence Thomas

    Scott Gerber, First Principles: The Jurisprudence of Clarence Thomas, 1999.

    Christopher Smith, Critical Judicial Nominations and Political Change: The Impact of Clarence Thomas, 1993.

    Joyce Baugh and Christopher Smith, "Dotting Thomas: Confirmation Veracity Meets Practical Reality" Seattle University Law Review 19 (Spring 1996): 455-496.

    Kirk Kennedy, "Reaffirming the Natural Law Jurisprudence of Justice Clarence Thomas" Regent University Law Review 9 (Fall 1997): 33-87.

    Christopher Smith, "Clarence Thomas: A Distinctive Justice" Seton Hall Law Review 28 (October 1997): 1-28.

    Eric Muller, "Where, but for the Grace of God, Goes He? The Search for Empathy in the Criminal Jurisprudence of Clarence Thomas" Constitutional Commentary 15 (Summer 1998): 225-250.

    Christopher Smith and Scott Johnson, "The First-Term Performance of Justice Clarence Thomas" Judicature 76 (December-January 1993): 172-178.

    Scott Gerber, "Clarence Thomas and the Jurisprudence of Race" Southern University Law Review 25 (Fall 1997): 43-97.

    Samuel Marcosson, "Colorizing the Constitution: Clarence Thomas at the Rubicon" Law & Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice 1 (Summer 1998): 429-491.

    Jared Levy, "Blinking at Reality: The Implications of Justice Clarence Thomas's Influential Approach to Race and Education" Boston University Law Review 78 (April 1998): 575-619.

    Ronald Suresh Roberts, Clarence Thomas and the Tough Love Crowd, 1995.

    Scott Gerber, "The Jurisprudence of Clarence Thomas" Journal of Law & Politics 8 (Fall 1991): 107-141.

    David Mayer, "Justice Clarence Thomas and the Supreme Court's Rediscovery of the Tenth Amendment" Capital University Law Review 25 (Spring 1996): 339-423.

    Christopher Smith, "The Constitution and Criminal Punishment: The Emerging Visions of Justices Scalia and Thomas" Drake Law Review 43 (March 1995): 593-613.

    Juha-Pekka Rentto, "Between Clarence Thomas and Saint Thomas: Beginnings of a Moral Argument for Judicial Jusnaturalism" UC Davis Law Review 26 (Spring 1993): 727-767.

    Virginia Black, "Natural Law, Constitutional Adjudication, and Clarence Thomas" UC Davis Law Review 26 (Spring 1993): 769-789.

    Note, "Lasting Stigma: Affirmative Action and Clarence Thomas' Prisoners Rights Jurisprudence" Harvard University Law Review 112 (April 1999): 1331-1348.

    Tony Mauro, "Thomas Tends to Business" Legal Times 15 (September 14, 1992): S6.

    Christopher Smith and S. Thomas Read, "The Performance and Effectiveness of New Appointees to the Rehnquist Court" 20 Ohio Northern Universuty Law Review 20 (Spring 1993): 205-223.

    Richard Reuben, "After First Year, A Picture of Thomas Emerges" Los Angeles Daily Journal 105 (October 23, 1992): 1.

    Elizabeth McCaughey, "Clarence Thomas's Record as a Judge" Presidential Studies Quarterly 21 (Fall 1991): 833-835.

    Jeff Rosen, "The Real Clarence Thomas: An Erratic Conservative Activist in Strict Constructionist's Clothing" Los Angeles Daily Journal 105 (September 17, 1992): 6.

    A. Leon Higginbottom, "Justice Clarence Thomas in Retrospect" Hastings Law Journal 45 (August 1994): 1405-1433.

    Claudia MacLachlan, "Judge Thomas' Early Career" National Law Journal 13 (July 15, 1991): 30.

h. Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg

    Joyce Ann Baugh, Christopher Smith, Thomas Hensley, and Scott Johnson, "Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg: A Preliminary Assessment" Toledo Law Review 26 (Fall 1994): 1-34.

    Christopher Smith, Joyce Ann Baugh, Thomas Hensley, and Scott Patrick Johnson, "The First-Term Performance of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg." Judicature 78 (September-October 1994): 74-80.

    Paul Campos, "A Heterodox Catechism" Constitutional Commentary 11 (Winter 1994): 65-72. University of Hawaii Law Review, Issue Dedicated to Ruth Bader Ginsburg 20 (Winter 1998): 583-894.

    Ann Walsh, "Ruth Bader Ginsburg: Extending the Constitution" John Marshall Law Review 32 (Fall 1998): 197-225.

    Shelia Smith, "Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Sexual Harassment Law: Will the Second Female Supreme Court Justice Become the First Women's Rights Champion?" University of Cincinnati Law Review 63 (Summer 1995): 1893-1945.

    Michael James Confusione, "Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Justice Thurgood Marshall: A Misleading Comparison" Rutgers Law Journal 26 (Summer 1995): 887-907.

    David Pike, "Ginsburg Made Her Mark Quickly in the First Term" Los Angeles Daily Law Journal 107 (July 5, 1994); 1.

    Richard Carelli, "Justice Ginsburg: In the Center But Tilting Left?" Chicago Daily Law Bulletin 140 (June 29, 1994): 1.

    Lyie Denniston, "Justice Ginsburg: Not a Tentative Beginner" American Lawyer 15 (December 1993): 84.

    Henry Reske, "Two Paths for Ginsburg: The Trailblazing Women's Rights Litigator Becomes a Moderate Judge" ABA Journal 79 (August 1993): 16.

    Christopher Smith and S. Thomas Read, "The Performance and Effectiveness of New Appointees to the Rehnquist Court" 20 Ohio Northern Universuty Law Review 20 (Spring 1993): 205-223.

    Mark Silverstein and William Haltom, "You Can't Always Get What You Want: Reflections on the Ginsburg and Breyer Nominations" The Journal of Law and Politics 12 (Summer 1996): 459-479.

    Laura Asseo, "Justices Ginsburg and Breyer: 'Lock Step Liberals or Moderates Finding Their Own Voices?" Chicago Daily Law Bulletin 141 (September 29, 1995): 1.

    Tony Mauro, "Moderate in the Extreme: Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer Have Taken Cautious Steps on the High Court" Legal Times 23 (March 23, 2000): 14

    Victor Jahasz, "Left Out: Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer Have Establsihed Records of Extreme Moderation" American Lawyer 22 (March 2000): 70.

    David Pike, "Ginsburg Joins Souter to Form Voting Team" Los Angeles Daily Law Journal 107 (May 9, 1994): 1.

i. Justice Stephen Breyer

    Christopher Smith, Joyce Ann Baugh, and Thomas Hensley, "The First-Term Performance of Justice Stephen Breyer" Judicature 79 (September-October 1995): 74-79.

    Richard Carelli, "Key Role Seen for Supreme Court's Rookie Justice" Chicago Daily Law Bulletin 141 (February 24, 1995): 1.

    David Pike, "Breyer's Independent Streak May Change the Court's Dynamics" Los Angeles Daily Law Journal 108 (March 13, 1995): 1.

    Eric Levine and Richard Williams, "Justice Stephen Breyer" Seton Hall Constitutional Law Journal 5 (Fall 1994): 307-310.

    Walter Joyce, "The Early Constitutional Jurisprudence of Justice Stephen Breyer: A Study of the Justice's First Year on the United States Supreme Court" Seton Hall Constitutional Law Journal 7 (Fall 1996): 149- 163.

    Edward Fallone, "The Clinton Court is Now Open for Business: The Business Law Jurisprudence of Justice Stephen Breyer" Missouri Law Review 59 (Fall 1994): 857-893.

    Brent Hofftnan, "Justice Stephen G. Breyer, Business Friend and Environmental Foe? An Analysis of Justice Breyer's Judicial and Non-Judicial Works Concerning Environmental Regulation" Dickinson Law Review 100 (Fall 1995): 211-243.

    Antitrust Bulletin, "Synposium: Justice Stephen Breyer, the Supreme Court, and Antitrust" 40 (Spring 1995): 1-225.

    The Administrative Law Journal of the American University, "Justice Stephen Breyer's Contribution to Administrative Law" 8 (Winter 1995): 713-787.

    Mark Silverstein and William Haltom, "You Can't Always Get What You Want: Reflections on the Ginsburg and Breyer Nominations" The Journal of Law and Politics 12 (Summer 1996): 459-479.

    Jeffery Rosen, "Breyer Restraint Could Rescue High Court From Both Extremes" Los Angeles Daily Law Journal 107 (July 12, 1994): 6.

    John Burkoff and Gabrielle Moses, "Justice Breyer and the Fourth Amendment" Search and Seizure Law Report 21 (September 1994): 57-64.

    Laura Asseo, "Justices Ginsburg and Breyer: 'Lock Step Liberals or Moderates Finding Their Own Voices?" Chicago Daily Law Bulletin 141 (September 29, 1995): 1.

    Thomas Jipping, "Gleaning Judge Breyer's Judicial Philosophy" New Jersey Law Journal 137 (June 20, 1994): 17.

    Tony Mauro, "Moderate in the Extreme: Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer Have Taken Cautious Steps on the High Court" Legal Times 23 (March 23, 2000): 14

    Victor Jahasz, "Left Out: Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer Have Establsihed Records of Extreme Moderation" American Lawyer 22 (March 2000): 70.

B. Specific Litigants: In addition to the sources cited above in the Constitutional and Statutory Doctrine section, litigants can use the following specialized studies that focus on how the various groups operate in the judicial realm. The preceding studies of the policy areas can also be used to explain the current state of the law and suggest where interest groups might carry their litigation strategies.

    Lee Epstein, "Interest Group Litigation During the Rehnquist Court Era" Journal of Law & Politics 9 (Summer 1993): 639-717.

1. Washington Legal Foundation: Conservative Public Interest Groups

    Web site: www.wlf.org.

    *Lee Epstein, Conservatives in Court, 1985, chapters 1, 4, 5, 6.

    Lee Epstein and Joseph Kobylka, The Supreme Court and Social Change, 1992.

    Daniel Popeo, Not Our America...: The ACLU Exposed, 1989.

    Robert Bork, Slouching Toward Gomorrah: Modem Liberalism and America's Decline, 1996.

    Stephen Macedo, The New Right v. The Constitution, 1987.

    Karen 0'Connor and Lee Epstein, "The Rise of Conservative Interest Group Litigation" Journal of Politics 45 (May 1983): 479-489.

    National Legal Center for the Public Interest, Annual Reports. An analysis and summary of that year's litigation efforts of a major conservative public interest group.

    Pacific Legal Foundation, Annual Reports. The major regional conservative legal arm's annual efforts, strategies, and assessment of the courts' reactions.

    Washington Legal Foundation, Annual Reports. The parent organization of the regional conservative foundations' annual litigation efforts are summed up in these reports.

    Dennis Horan, Edward Grant, and Paige Cunningham, eds. Abortion and the Constitution: Reversing Roe v. Wade Through the Courts, 1987.

    Nan Aron, Liberty and Justice For All, 1989.

    Laurence Tribe, Abortion: The Clash ofAbsolutes, 1990.

2. Women's Groups: National Organization for Women

    Web site: www.now.org.

    *Karen O'Connor, Women's Organizations' Use of the Courts 1980.

    Lee Epstein and Joseph Kobylka, The Supreme Court and Social Change, 1992.

    J. Ralph Lindgren and Nadine Taub, The Law of Sex Discrimination, second edition, 1993.

    Melvin Urofsky, Affirmative Action on Trial: Sex Discrimination in Johnson v. Santa Clara, 1997.

    Karen O'Connor and Lee Epstein, "Beyond Legislative Lobbying: Women's Rights Groups and the Supreme Court" Judicature, 67 (September 1983): 134-143.

    Tracey George and Lee Epstein, "Women's Rights Litigation in the 1980s: More of the Same?" Judicature 74 (April-May 1991): 314-321.

    Lois Forer, Unequal Protection: Women, Children, and the Elderly in Court, 1991. Susan Estrich and Virginia Kerr, "Sexual Justice" in Norman Dorsen, Our Endangered Rights, 1984, pp. 98-133.

    Suzanne Uttaro Samuels, Fetal Rights, Women's Rights, 1995. Suzanne Staggenborg, The Pro-Choice Movement: Organization and Activism in the Abortion Conflict, 1991.

    Margaret Berger, Litigation on Behalf of Woman, 1980.

    Leslie Friedman Goldstein, "The ERA and the U.S. Supreme Court" Law and Policy Quarterly, 1: 145-161.

    Henna Hill Kay, Sex-Based Discrimination, third edition, 1988.

3. United States Government: Solicitor General

    *Rebecca Salokar, The Solicitor General: The Politics of Law, 1992.

    Lincoln Caplan, The Tenth Justice: Solicitor General and the Rule of Law, 1987.

    Charles Fried, Order and Law: Arguing the Reagan Revolution, 1991.

    James Cooper, "The Solicitor General and the Evolution of Activism" Indiana Law Journal, 65 (Summer 1989): 675-696.

    Steven Puro, "The United States as Amicus Curiae" in Courts, Law and Judicial Process, ed. S. Sidney Ulmer, 1981, pp. 220-229.

    Robert Scigliano, The Supreme Court and the Presidency, 1971, chapter 6.

    Richard Pacelle, "The Solicitor General and Gender: Litigating the President's Agenda and Serving the Supreme Court" in Mary Ann Borrelli and Janet Martin, eds., The Other Elites: Women, Politics, and Power in the Executive Branch, 1997, chapter 12.

    Drew Days, "In Search of the Solicitor General's Client: A Drama with Many Characters" 83 Kentucky Law Review (1994-95): 485-503.

    Drew Days, "The Interests of the United States, the Solicitor General and Individual Rights" 41 Saint Louis Law Review (Winter 1996): 1-8.

    Drew Days, "The Solicitor General and the American Legal Ideal" 49 SMU Law Review (September- October 1995): 73-82.

    Neal Devins, "Unitariness and Independence: Solicitor General Control over Independent Agency Litigation" 82 California Law Review (March 1994): 255-327.

    Rex Lee, "Lawyering for the Government: Politics, Polemics & Principle" 47 Ohio State Law Journal (1986): 595-601.

    Stephen Meinhold and Steven Shull, "Policy Congruence Between the President and the Solicitor General" Political Research Quarterly 51 (June 1998): 527-537.

    Jeffrey Segal and Cheryl Reedy, "The Supreme Court and Sex Discrimination: The Role of the Solicitor General" Western Political Quarterly 41 (September 1988): 553-568.

    Jeffrey Segal, "Supreme Court Support for the Solicitor General: The Effects of Presidential Appointments" Western Political Quarterly, 42 (March 1990): 137-152.

    Jeffrey Segal, "Amicus Curiae Briefs by the Solicitor General During the Warren and Burger Courts" Western Political Quarterly, 41 (March 1989): 135-144.

    Richard Wilkins, "An Officer and an Advocate: the Role of the Solicitor General" 21 Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review (June 1988): 1167-1186.

    Kristen Norman-Major, "The Solicitor General: Executive Policy Agendas and the Court" 57 Albany Law Review (1994): 1081-1109.

    Ronald Chamberlain, "Mixing Politics and Justice: The Office of Solicitor General" 4 Journal of Law & Politics (Fall 1987): 379-428.

    Joshua Schwartz, "Two Perspectives on the Solicitor General's Independence." Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 21 (June 1988): 1119-1166.

    Eric Schnapper, "Becket at the Bar-the Conflicting Obligations of the Solicitor General." Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 21 (June 1988): 1187-1271.

    Nancy Baker, Conflicting Loyalties: Law and Politics in the Attorney General's Office, 1789-1990, 1992.

    Cornell Clayton, The Politics of Justice: The Attorney General and the Making of Legal Policy, 1992.

    Bradley Canon and Micheal Giles, "Recurring Litigants: Federal Agencies Before the Supreme Court" Western Political Quarterly 25 (June 1972): 183-191.

    James Eisenstein, Counsel for the United States, 1978.

    Attorney General of the United States, Annual Report. Traces the yearly work of the Justice Department including its litigation in the Supreme Court.

4. American Civil Liberties Union

    Web site: www.aclu.org.

    Samuel Walker, In Defense of Liberties, 1990.

    Norman Dorsen, Our Endangered Rights, 1984.

    Frank J. Sorauf, The Wall of Separation: The Constitutional Politics of Church and State 1976, chapter 6.

    Leo Pfeffer, "Amid in Church-State Litigation" Law and Contemporary Problems, 44 (Spring 1981): 83-110.

    Areyh Neier, Defending My Enemy: American Nazis, the Skokie Case, and the Risks of Freedom, 1979.

    Donald A. Downs, Nazis in Skokie, 1985.

    *William Donohue, The Politics of the American Civil Liberties Union, 1985.

    James L. Gibson and Richard D. Bingham, Civil Liberties and Nazis, 1985.

    Stephen Halpem, "Assessing the Litigative Role of ACLU Chapters" chapter 16 in Stephen Wasby, Civil Liberties, 1976.

    Diane Garey, Defending Everyone: A History of the American Civil Liberties Union New York: TV Books, 1998.

    Donald Farole, Interest Groups and Judicial Federalism: Organizational Litigation in State Judiciaries, 1998.

    American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU Annual Reports. A yearly summary of the activities of the

    American Civil Liberties Union, focusing on their efforts in litigation..

    Joseph Kobylka, "A Court Related Context for Group Litigation: Libertarian Groups and Obscenity" Journal of Politics 49 (November 1987): 1061-1078.

5. National Association for the Advancement of Colored Persons: Legal Defense Fund

    Web site: www.naacp.org. Check links to other web cites.

    *Jack Greenberg, Crusaders in the Court 1994.

    *Richard Kluger, Simple Justice, 1975.

    Stephen Wasby, Race Relations Litigation in an Age of Complexity, 1995.

    Patricia Wright, Litigation and Social Policy in Education: A case Study of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 1976.

    Clement Vose, Caucasians Only, 1959, chapters III, VII.

    Stephen Wasby, "Interest Groups in Court: Race Relations Litigation" in Allan Cigler and Burdett

    Loomis, ed., Interest Group Politics, 1983.

    Stephen Wasby, Anthony D'Amato, and Rosemary Metrailer, Desegregation from Brown to Alexander, 1977.

    Drew S. Days, "Racial Justice" in Norman Dorsen, Our Endangered Rights, 1984, pp. 75-97.

    Minnie Finch, The NAACP: Its Fight for Justice, 1981.

    National Association for the Advancement of Colored Persons, NAACP Legal Defense and Education

    Annual Report. Brief reports put out on an annual basis explaining the NAACP litigation strategies and the effects of Supreme Court decisions for that calendar year.

6. Criminal Defendants

    Jerold Israel and Wayne LaFave, Criminal Procedure: Constitutional Limitations in a Nutshell, 1993.

    David Rudovsky, "Criminal Justice: The Accused" in Our Endangered Rights, 1984, pp. 203-220.

    Alvin Bronstein, "Criminal Justice: Prisons and Penology" in Our Endangered Rights, 1984, pp. 221-234.

    David Fellman, The Defendant's Rights Today, 1976.

    Ronald Carison, Criminal Justice Procedure, third edition, 1985.

    Anthony Walsh, Counseling the Criminal Justice Client, 1988.

7. State and Local Governments

    Daniel Elazar, American Federalism: A View from the States, 1984.

    Mary Cornelia Porter and G. Alan Tarr, eds. State Supreme Courts, 1982. Publius, "New Developments in State Constitutional Law" Vol. 17 (Winter 1987).

    Henry Abraham and Robert Benedetti, "The State Attorney General: A Friend of the Court" University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 117 (April 1969): 795-828.

    National Association of Attorneys General, Powers, Duties, and Operations of States Attorneys General, 1977. A detailing of the types of issues and procedures facing the state attorneys general.

    National Center for the State Courts, Annual Reports. Discusses the trend in litigation and the problems in the state court systems.

    National League of Cities, Annual Reports. The major group interested in state and local governments assesses the yearly trends in intergovernmental relations.

8. Economic and Business Interests: National Association of Business

    Lee Epstein, Conservatives in Court, 1985, chapters 1, 3, 6.

    Steven Puro, "The Impact of the Solicitor General's Office on United States Supreme Court Economic Regulation" Midwest Political Science Association Paper, 1983.

    R. Shep Melnick, Regulation and the Courts, 1983.

    Roger Findley and Daniel Farber, Environmental Law in a Nutshell, 1996.

    Michael Duggan, Antitrust and the U.S. Supreme Court, 1829-1980, 1981.

    Michael Duggan, Antitrust and the U.S. Supreme Court, 1980-1982, 1983.

    Charles Tabb, "The Bankruptcy Reform Act in the Supreme Court" University of Pittsburgh, 49 (Winter 1988): 477-589.

    National Chamber Litigation Center, Annual Reports. The yearly activities of a major business oriented interest group are analyzed.

    National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation, Annual Reports. The annual activities of a pro- business interest group, concerned primarily with labor relations issues.

9. Legal Services Commission and One Shotters

    *Susan Lawrence, The Poor in Court: The Legal Services Program and Supreme Court Decision Making, 1990.

    Lois Forer, Unequal Protection: Women, Children, and the Elderly in Court, 1991.

    Nan Aron, Liberty and Justice for All, 1989.

    John Steadman, David Schwartz, and Sidney Jacobs, Litigation with the Federal Government, 1983.

    Richard Cortner, The Bureaucracy in Court, 1982.

    Peter Schuck, Suing Government, 1983.

    Christopher Smith, The Poor in Court, 1991.

    Harry Krause, Family Law in a Nutshell, third edition, 1995.

V. Other Resources:

The following resources may prove invaluable for occasional reference.

    LEXIS/NEXIS. Contains over 10,000 sets of sources. This should prove to be the most useful sources for all aspects of the course. Among the most important items, LEXIS/NEXIS has many law reviews and legal periodicals, lower court decisions (federal and state), state supreme court decisions, pending cases, regulations, administrative agency decisions, newspapers, magazines, Congressional hearings, legislation, Department of Justice reports, the Supreme Court Reports, the text of briefs presented tot he Supreme Court and amid briefs.

    United States Reports. The official transcript of the Supreme Court decisions. Supreme Court Reporter. West Publishers version of the United States Reports. They are "keyed" to give a brief synopsis of the important issues in the case. Briefs Filed in the Supreme Court. The litigants briefs and amid briefs are compiled for most of the important cases facing the Supreme Court.

    Lee Epstein, Jeffrey Segal, Harold Spaeth, and Thomas Walker, The Supreme Court Compendium, second edition, 1997. Excellent book with statistical and background analysis of the justices and analyses of key cases and group litigation.

    The Supreme Court Data Base: data on the decisions of the Court 1953-1996.

    Fenton Martin and Robert Goehlert, The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography, 1990.

    Fenton Martin and Robert Goehlert, How to Research the Supreme Court, 1992.

    William Stasky, Legal Research and Writing: Some Starting Points, 1999.

    Albert Melone, Researching Constitutional Law, 1990.

    For further information about the course see:

    Richard Pacelle, "Simulating Supreme Court Decision Making" in The Political Science Teacher, 2 (Spring 1989): 8-10.